BLOOMINGTON, Ind. – Neuroscientists at Indiana University have reported the first evidence that non-human animals can mentally replay past events from memory. The discovery could help advance the development of new drugs to treat Alzheimer’s disease.
The study, led by IU professor Jonathon Crystal, appears today in the journal Current Biology.
“The reason we’re interested in animal memory isn’t only to understand animals, but rather to develop new models of memory that match up with the types of memory impaired in human diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease,” said Crystal, a professor in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences’ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences and director of the IU Bloomington Program in Neuroscience.
Under the current paradigm, Crystal said most preclinical studies on potential new Alzheimer’s drugs examine how these compounds affect spatial memory, one of the easiest types of memory to assess in animals. But spatial memory is not the type of memory whose loss causes the most debilitating effects of Alzheimer’s disease.
Video: Jonathon Crystal discusses the study
“If your grandmother is suffering from Alzheimer’s, one of the most heartbreaking aspects of the disease is that she can’t remember what you told her about what’s happening in your life the last time you saw her,” said Danielle Panoz-Brown, an IU Ph.D. student who is the first author on the study. “We’re interested in episodic memory – and episodic memory replay – because it declines in Alzheimer’s disease, and in aging in general.”
Episodic memory is the ability to remember specific events. For example, if a person loses their car keys, they might try to recall every single step – or “episode” – in their trip from the car to their current location. The ability to replay these events in order is known as “episodic memory replay.” People wouldn’t be able to make sense of most scenarios if they couldn’t remember the order in which they occurred, Crystal said.
To assess animals’ ability to replay past events from memory, Crystal’s lab spent nearly a year working with 13 rats, which they trained to memorize a list of up to 12 different odors. The rats were placed inside an “arena” with different odors and rewarded when they identified the second-to-last odor or fourth-to-last odor in the list.
The team changed the number of odors in the list before each test to confirm the odors were identified based upon their position in the list, not by scent alone, proving the animals were relying on their ability to recall the whole list in order. Arenas with different patterns were used to communicate to the rats which of the two options was sought.
After their training, Crystal said, the animals successfully completed their task about 87 percent of the time across all trials. The results are strong evidence the animals were employing episodic memory replay.
Additional experiments confirmed the rats’ memories were long-lasting and resistant to “interference” from other memories, both hallmarks of episodic memory. They also ran tests that temporarily suppressed activity in the hippocampus – the site of episodic memory – to confirm the rats were using this part of their brain to perform their tasks.
Crystal said the need to find reliable ways to test episodic memory replay in rats is urgent since new genetic tools are enabling scientists to create rats with neurological conditions similar to Alzheimer’s disease. Until recently, only mice were available with the genetic modifications needed to study the effect of new drugs on these symptoms.
“We’re really trying push the boundaries of animal models of memory to something that’s increasingly similar to how these memories work in people,” he said. “If we want to eliminate Alzheimer’s disease, we really need to make sure we’re trying to protect the right type of memory.”
Description of the following video:
[Video: Jonathon Crystal, professor in the IU Bloomington Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, interviews on screen about the memory of non-human animals.]
[Crystal speaks: We demonstrated for the first time that a non-human animal remembers episodic memories, and not just a single event, not just multiple events, but they remember a stream of events, including the order in which they occurred.]
[Video: A scientist runs a test with a rat in the lab and then picks up the rat to place it in another area.] [Crystal speaks: We’re trying to develop animal models of memory. We’re particularly interested in the types of memory that’s impaired in human diseases.]
[Video: The scientist runs more tests with the rat. The rat is performing one of the protocols in the lab.] [We use rats because we can train them on fairly complicated protocols that, although we’re not interested in how they learn those protocols, once they’ve learned it, we can ask questions about their memory.]
[Video: The rat is moving through the testing area. Scientist holds rat.] [Crystal speaks: One of the really profound problems in Alzheimer’s research, is that there are enormous developments of potentially effective therapies for Alzheimer’s disease. Those are effective in the animals and they fail in clinical trials.
[Video: The rat moves through the testing area.] [To get the successful translation from non-human animals to patients, you have to have everything right.]
[Crystal speaks: You really want to know that the type of memory that’s impaired in Alzheimer’s disease is actually being modeled in the non-human animals.]
[Video: The scientist places the rat in a new testing area. The scientist holds the rat.]
[Crystal speaks: The most debilitating aspect of Alzheimer’s disease is profound impairment of episodic memory.]
[Video: The Indiana University trident appears]
[Words appear: Indiana University]
[Words appear: Fulfilling the Promise]
[Words appear: iu.edu]
Additional authors on the paper are IU professor Andrea Hohmann; Ph.D. students Vishakh Iyer and Lawrence M. Carey; and undergraduate students Christina M. Sluka, Gabriel Rajic, Jesse Kestenman, Meredith Gentry, Sydney Brotheridge, Isaac Somekh, Hannah E. Corbin, Kjersten G. Tucker, Bianca Almeida, Severine B. Hex and Krysten D. Garcia. Hohmann is also a Linda and Jack Gill Chair of Neuroscience at IU. Garcia and Hex participated in the study through the IU Center for the Integrated Study on Animal Behavior.
The study was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health and the National Science Foundation.